Cinematography

Cinematography is made up of four different elements: Compostion/Framing, Angle, Focus and Movement.

Within Composition/Framing there are variouis shot types, all of which have a specific purpose.

Extreme Long Shot
The purpose of which would commonly be used to establish location and setting within a scene.
Long Shot
Long shots are used to introduce a full subject and to place them within a scene.
Medium Long ShotThese are similar to long shots, however rather than full body the shot is framed to feature the subject's knees and above.
Mid Shot
Commonly used when a subject is exchanging dialogue, framed from torso and above, the shot is able to capture a subjects body language as well as their facial expressions, all of which critical to how we communicate.
Medium Close Up
Framed half way between a mid shot and a close up. The shot captures a subjects face more clearly, without getting uncomfortably close.
Close Up
Framed from the shoulders and above, a close up highlights the facial expressions of a character in more depth. Often used to capture emotion response, of which may be critical to a story.
Extreme Close Up
Extreme close ups are used to highlight powerful, yet subtle, emotion. The frame of which positioned to only capture a subjects faced; between their eyes and mouth.

As well as framing, angles also serve a specific purpose.

High Angle
This is where a camera is positioned above a subject, of which from the viewers perspective seems as if we are looking down on them; this gives us the impression that they are inferior and retain a low status.
Low Angle
A camera is position bellow a subject, giving the viewer the impression we are looking up at them; of which implies that they are powerful and hold a high status.
Dutch Tilt
This is where a camera is intentionally tilted sideways. One of the many purposes of which is to convey a sense of confusion to the viewer.

Movement is another important aspect of Cinematography.

Pan & Tilt
Panning is where a camera is fixed to a spot and rotates around, while still remaining flat or at it's previous angle. Tilting however is where a camera remains fixed to a spot, but instead of rotating around, the angle of which it is facing up or down my increase or decrease.
Tracking
This is where a camera physically moves to track/follow a subject. In professional environment cameras are rigged and placed upon a track of which allows the cameras to move while still capturing smooth footage. Alternatively a camera could be physically moved by hand, of which grants more freedom, however to ensure smooth footage aid of a steady-cam rig would be required.
Crane
In most cases, unfortunately due to expense, they are only present in big budget productions. Cranes provide a unique effect as they are able to move a camera upon every axis, of which as a result they are able to capture elaborate epic shots.